The constitutional system of the Russian Federation functions in accordance with the Constitution adopted on December 12, 1993.

The form of government in Russia is a presidential parliamentary republic.

The head of the state is the President of the Russian Federation. The president is elected for 4 years on the basis of equal and direct universal suffrage by a secret vote.

Parliament: Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (the upper chamber) and the State Duma (the lower chamber).

The government of the Russian Federation: The head of the government is appointed by the president with the approval of the State Duma.

The present people of Russia are descendants of great original people.

The first recollections of Russia date back to the first century B.C., to the Bosphoros epoch. It is on this part of modern European Russia where ancestors of the present Slavonic, Finno-Ugric, Baltic, Iranian and Samodian tribes lived. In 552-745, a part of the Russian territory was occupied by the tribal state of the Turkic Union - Turkic Kagante, in Nizhnee Povolzhe. In Northern Caucasia, in the Azov Region, there appeared the first state - Hasar Kagante; then several centuries later, it became the motherland of the people we call Russians. Then there was the Great Kievan Russia. Its history can be traced back to 882 to 1240 A.D. This great Old Russian monarchic state started from the Rurikovishes dynasty; and the capital was Great Kiev. The next important historical period is the Tartaric-Mongolian Yoke, which lasted from the middle of the 13th century up to almost the middle of the 15the century. It was 250 years of poverty, devastation and extortion.

In the 16th century, Muscovy under the leadership of Grand Duke Ivan Grozniy conquered the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates. After that, Russia became a great and multinational state. The aim of that state was to gather all the Russian lands that had been lost at the time of the Tartaric-Mongolian Yoke and the Polish-Lithuanian expansion as well as protect the southern boundaries from forays by steppe nomads. As a result, a manorial system, on the basis of which appeared noble horse troops, was developed.

Russian Empire (1712-1918) Peter I (1672-1725) managed to do what seemed to have been impossible. He modernized the Army, State machinery and education. He established an absolute monarchy, at the head of which was the emperor, whom everyone obeyed, including the church (through the chief-attorney of the holy synod). The boyars lost their independent status completely and became the nobility. The next significant episode in the history of Russia was the victory over Napoleon in 1812. The emperor at that time was Alexander I. The next century was a century of wars for Russia: the Crimean-Russian war, another Russian-Turkish war, the Russian-Japanese war in 1905. 1917 is the year of the February and October revolutions, disintegration of the Great Russian Empire and the appearance of Soviet Russia.

There are a lot of books, conclusions and analytical and historical surveys dedicated to the Soviet Union. The period of the USSR from 1917 to 1991 was the time of new economic policy, liquidation of people with opposite political points of view, the cult of Stalin's personality, repression, the Second World war, the decline and rise of the post-war economy, the first nuclear explosions and exploration by man into open space, the best figure skaters in the world, one of the strongest armies in the world and an unbelievably low standard of living for the people who worked for these accomplishments. This couldn't but end with a break-up! It was a break-up without big wars or global upheavals in the world and society. There's hardly any family in Russia that avoided difficulties that the country faced in that period of history.

RUSSIA ON THE WAY TO REFORM

On June 12, 1991, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR approved of the declaration on state sovereignty. The position of the President of Russia was established, which was won by B. Eltcin as a result of elections. On December 8, 1991, in Belovezhskaya puscha in Byelorussia, B. Eltcin (the Russian president), S. Shushkevich (the Byelorussian president) and L. Kravchuk (the Ukrainian president) signed an agreement to establish the Commonwealth of Independent States. On December 21, in Alma-Ata, this agreement was signed by eight other former republics of the USSR. The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR established a new name for the state - the Russian Federation. At that moment, the USSR ceased to exist, and Russia became its successor, preserving its place as a permanent member of the Security Council in the UN. A completely new stage of the development of Russia and of its people's life began.